CAUSES OF MALE INFERTILITY

• Varicose veins around the testicles (varicocele).
• Obstruction (blockage) of the genital tract
• Anatomical abnormalities of the genitals, such as undescended testicles.
• Genital injury.
• Intercourse problems such as premature withdrawal or poor timing with their partner’s menstrual cycle.
• Genetic abnormalities.
• Cystic fibrosis.
• Opiates.
• Smoking.
• Hormonal disturbances
• Cancer medications and radiation therapy.
• Sexually transmitted diseases.
• Use of some medications, such as some for high blood pressure, some antidepressants, and male hormones.
• Mumps after puberty.
• Prostate surgery.
• Excessive alcohol consumption.
• Spinal cord injury.
• Urinary tract infection.
• Illicit drug use (e.g. using cocaine, smoking marijuana).
• Steroids.
• Environmental factors may also affect male fertility.
• Prior vasectomy

INVESTIGATIONS FOR MALE INFERTILITY (Depending on cause)

• History and physical examination
• Semen analysis
• Scrotal/prostate ultrasound
• Hormonal testing
• Genetic testing
• Post-ejaculate urinalysis
• MRI of the genital tract
• Sperm DNA testing

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR MEN

• Varicocele repair
• Microsurgery to correct obstruction
• Vasectomy reversal.
• Hormonal treatment
• Surgical sperm retrieval.
  • Surgical Procedure-Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA) and Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE).
  • Surgical Procedure- Micro Surgical Testicular Sperm Extraction (MicroTESE)
• Trans-urethral resection of ejaculatory duct
• Healthy Living